黄时鉴龚缨晏：马可·波罗与万里长城——兼评《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《马可·波罗与万里长城——兼评《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》》
作　　者：黄时鉴龚缨晏
出　　处：中国社会科学 1998年第4期
发表时间：1998-00-00正　　文：

本文对英国学者吴芳思因马可·波罗游记中未提到长城等中国事物而否定马可·波罗到过中国的观点进行了辩驳。文章认为，修建于秦汉时期的长城，至魏晋以后已失去了标志 ……

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参考文献：

　　1.D.F.Lach，Asia in the Making of Europe，Vol。I，book1，p。36，The University of Chicago Press，1965。

　　2.黄时鉴：《略谈马可波罗书的抄本与刊本》，《学林漫录》第8集，中华书局1983年版。

　　3.国内如杨志玖的《马可波罗足迹遍中国》（《南开学报》1982年第6期）、《马可波罗与中国》（《环球》1982年第10期）（以上二文均收入杨志玖所著《元史三论》中，人民出版社1985年版）、《再论马可·波罗书的真伪问题》（收入余士雄主编《中西文化交流的先驱——马可·波罗》，商务印书馆1995年版）；黄时鉴的《关于茶在北亚和西域的早期传播》（《历史研究》1993年第1期）。

　　4.弗朗西丝·伍德（吴芳思）著，洪允息译《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》DidMarcoPoloGotoChina？，新华出版社1997年版。为便于读者查核，本文引用此书时，尽量用中译本，只是在译文不同的情况下，注用英文本。

　　5.《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》，第132页。

　　6.中国社会科学院考古研究所：《新中国的考古发现和研究》，文物出版社1984年版，第400页。

　　7.《史记·蒙恬列传》。

　　8.参见《中国大百科全书》（考古学），中国大百科全书出版社1986年版，第376页。

　　9.罗哲文：《长城百科全书》，吉林人民出版社1994年版，第5页。

　　10.《通典》卷一七八《州郡·古冀州上》。

　　11.贾洲杰：《金代长城》，载《中国长城遗址调查报告集》，文物出版社1981年版。参见王国维《金界壕考》，载《观堂集林》第三册，中华书局1959年版。

　　12.朱：《万里长城修建的沿革》，《历史教学》1955年12月号。

　　13.“Marco Polo”，The New Encyc lopaedia Britannica，15th ed.，1988，Vol. 9，pp.571—573。

　　14.《新唐书》卷四三下《地理志》七下。

　　15.学者们对于马可·波罗从宁夏到天德军的具体路线，目前还有不同的说法。玉尔认为，马可·波罗从宁夏沿黄河北上而达天德，伯希和则认为马可·波罗应当是从陆路经榆林而至天德。参见P.Pelliot，Notes On Marco Polo，Paris，1963，p.850。

　　16.甘肃省博物馆、敦煌县文化馆：《敦煌马圈湾汉代烽燧遗址发掘简报》，《文物》1981年第10期。

　　17.吴骧：《玉门关与玉门关侯》，《文物》1981年第10期。

　　18.《敦煌录》残卷（斯5448号），见王仲荦《敦煌石室地志残卷考释》，上海古籍出版社1993年版，第166页。

　　19.《沙州城土境》（伯2691号），见郑炳林《敦煌地理文书汇辑校注》，甘肃教育出版社1989年版，第39页。《敦煌录》残卷（斯5448号），见王仲荦《敦煌石室地志残卷考释》，上海古籍出版社1993年版，第166页。

　　20.敦煌文书，伯2005号。参见王仲荦《敦煌石室地志残卷考释》，第132页；郑炳林《敦煌地理文书汇辑校注》，第15页。

　　21.如《晋书·凉武昭王李玄盛传》说：“玄盛乃修敦煌旧塞东西二围，以防北虏之患，筑敦煌旧塞西南二围，以威南虏。”

　　22.敦煌文书，伯3929号。参见郑炳林《郭煌地理文书汇辑校注》，第138页。

　　23.《新五代史》卷七四《四夷附录第三》。

　　24.成大林：《阳关之谜》，《文史知识》1981年第3期。

　　25.大岛立子：《元代的敦煌》（上、下）《民族译丛》1984年第2、3期。

　　26.耶律楚材：《西游录》，中华书局1981年版，第4页。

　　27.陈高华、史卫民：《元上都》第二章，吉林教育出版社1988年版。

　　28.张德辉：《纪行》，《秋涧先生大全文集》卷一，四部丛刊本。

　　29.王恽：《中堂事记》上，《秋涧先生大全文集》卷八。

　　30.郝经：《陵川集》卷三，文渊阁四库全书影印本，台北。

　　31.郝经：《陵川集》卷八，文渊阁四库全书影印本，台北。

　　32.郝经：《陵川集》卷一，文渊阁四库全书影印本，台北。

　　33.郝经：《陵川集》卷一，文渊阁四库全书影印本，台北。

　　34.《金华黄先生文集》卷四《上京道中杂诗》。

　　35.《中国大百科全书》（考古学），第332页。

　　36.C.R.博克舍编注，何高济译《十六世纪中国南部行纪》，中华书局1993年版，第26页。

　　37.Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza，The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof，edited by Sir George T.Staunton，With an introduction by R.H.Major，London，printed for the Hakluyt Society，reprinted in Peking，1940，pp.xliv—xlv.

　　38.C.R.Boxer，Joao de Barros，Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia，New Delhi，1981，pp.106－107.一般认为，巴洛斯是第一位记述长城的欧洲人，但我们发现上文提到的那位匿名传教士更早一些，可惜他的名字没有流传下来。

　　39.D.F.Lach，Asia in the Making of Europe，Vol.I，p.739，Chicago and London，1965.

　　40.C.R.博克舍编注，何高济译《十六世纪中国南部行纪》，第49、60页。

　　41.《十六世纪中国南部行纪》，第187页。

　　42.英译者注Ochyoy即陕西的Ho－chow。明长城西起嘉峪关，当时隶陕西肃州。Ho－chow的中文地名，吴孟雪作“河州”，见其《明清欧人对中国舆地的研究（二）》，载《文史知识》1994年第2期。但河州位于明长城以南，并不在长城线上，故Ochyoy所指何地，尚待考证。

　　43.拉达的原著记长城为Cincio所筑。Tzintzon与Cincio当指秦始皇，或即“秦始皇”的对音异写。吴孟雪将Tzintzon译为“嬴政”，见《十六世纪中国南部行纪》。

　　44.在大航海以来的西文文献中，Canton一般指称广州，但此处的Canton当指“关东”。参见下揭门多萨书英译本第28页注2。

　　45.Paguia，当指北直隶，参见下揭门多萨书英译本，第22页注1。Cansay和Susuan，门多萨英译本和博克舍书均认为是江西和四川，但此处用以记述长城，显然不妥，有待继续研究。

　　46.J.G.de Mendoza，The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof，pp.28—29。

　　47.《十六世纪中国南部行纪》，第1页。

　　48.何高济、王遵仲、李申译《利玛窦中国札记》，中华书局1983年版，第7、559、558页。

　　49.庞迪我：《一些耶稣会士进入中国纪实以及他们在这一国度看到的特殊情况与该国固有的引人注目的事物》，塞维利亚1605年版，第56页。转引自张铠《16世纪欧洲的中国观——门多萨及其〈大中华帝国史〉》，载黄时鉴主编《东西文化交流论谭》，上海文艺出版社1998年版。

　　50.D.F.Lach，Asia in the Making of Europe，Vol.I，book1，p.224；book2，p.817.

　　51.李孝聪：《欧洲所藏部分中文古地图的调查与研究》，《国学研究》第三卷，北京大学出版社1995年版。

　　52.D.F.Lach，Asia in the Making of Europe，Vol.Ⅲ，book4，图版284—292。

　　53.James Orange，The Chater Collection：Pictures Relating to China，Hongkong，Macao，1665—1860，London，1924，SectionⅢ，No。10；SectionⅪ，No.4.

　　54.爱尼斯·安德逊著，费振东译《英使访华录》，商务印书馆1963年版，第119页。

　　55.斯当东著、叶笃义译《英使谒见乾隆纪实》，商务印书馆1963年版，第342—343页。

　　56.《英使谒见乾隆纪实》，第344页。

　　57.F.Wood，Did Marco Polo Go to China？p.101.

　　58.《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》，第202页。

　　59.《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》，第4页。

　　60.《关于马可波罗离华的一段汉记载》，《文史杂志》第1卷第12期，1941年12月重庆。收入杨志玖著《元史三论》，人民出版社1985年版。

　　61.上段与本段的文献资料，请参考中国第一历史档案馆编《英使马戛尔呢访华档案史料汇编》，国际文化出版公司1996年版。

　　62.The Book of Ser Marco Polo，translated and edited，with notes，by Colonel Sir Henry Yule，Revised by Henri Cordier，London，1926，pp.110＿111.

　　63.Nigel Cameron，Barbarians and Mandarins，Oxford University Press，1989，pp.63,65.

　　64.《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》，第99页。

　　65.《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》，第97页。

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Chloe (2025-07-24 09:23:28)

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Ilana (2025-07-24 09:07:13)

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Rebekah (2025-07-24 07:26:04)

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Use a single steroid at the lowest really helpful
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One such person talked about feeling stronger, extra muscular, and energetic after just 4 weeks of usage.
The particular person reported with the power to carry heavier weights and noticed important enhancements in muscle mass.
Testosterone and Deca Durabolin complement Dianabol nicely,
as they do not pose as much hepatotoxicity as oral steroids.
D-Bal is greatest suited for males wanting to construct vital quantities of muscle;
without shutting down their testosterone, straining their liver or elevating blood stress levels.

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Gabrielle (2025-07-23 11:14:43)

Hi, i think that i saw you visited my website so i came to “return the
favor".I'm trying to find things to enhance my site!I suppose its ok
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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Sanora (2025-07-18 01:32:10)

Viele M鋘ner greifen auf HGH zur點k, um die sportliche Leistung zu verbessern und Muskelmasse aufzubauen, da das Hormon das
Muskelwachstum anregen und die Kraft verbessern kann.
Synthetisches HGH, auch Somatropin genannt, wurde erstmals in den 1980er Jahren entwickelt.
Es wird zur Behandlung von Wachstumshormonmangel bei Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie bei anderen Erkrankungen eingesetzt.
In den letzten Jahren hat es bei Sportlern und Bodybuildern, die ihre Leistung verbessern m鯿hten, an Popularit鋞 gewonnen. HGH ist
f黵 verschiedene biologische Prozesse wie Wachstum, Zellreparatur, Stoffwechsel und Immunfunktion unerl鋝slich.
Es tr鋑t zur Erhaltung der Gesundheit aller menschlichen Gewebe,
einschlie遧ich lebenswichtiger Organe und Haut, bei.

Wachstumshormone kaufen zum Muskelaufbau oder Wachstumshormone HGH bestellen als Anti Growing
Older Therapie ist heutzutagerezeptfrei m鰃lich. Die
beste bei der Einnahme von HGH Produkte ist, so zu sagen, dass die Fett im Muskel "umwandeln" wird.
Die Einnahme vonWachstumshormone, wie Genotropin zum Beispiel, f黨rt zu
einem Aufbau vonMuskelmasse und in der gleichen Zeit wird Fett reduziert.
Anderer sehrwichtiger Vorteil der Wachstumshormone ist, dass sie bei der Erholung zwischen denTrainingseinheiten helfen. Dieses Polypeptid,
das aus 191 steuernden Aminos鋟ren besteht, f鰎dert nicht nur das Wachstum, sondern auch mehrere andere K鰎perfunktionen. Betrachtet man den gesamten Lebenszyklus, so steigt die HGH-Produktion in der Kindheit an, erreicht
im Erwachsenenalter ihren H鰄epunkt und nimmt im Alter langsam ab.

Es wird verwendet, um das Muskelwachstum zu stimulieren, indem die
Proteinsynthese verbessert und der Fetts鋟restoffwechsel zum
Abbau von Fettspeichern gef鰎dert wird.
Diese Wachstumshormone spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim wie gesagt Muskelaufbau, aber auch beim Fettabbau und haben eine
Anti-Aging Effekt. Genotropin HGH (menschliche
Wachstumshormon) - 36 IU (12 mg) ist f黵 menschliche Wachstumshormon-Ers..
Wenn Sie gegen die Injektion sind, k鰊nen Sie f黵 die HGH-Pulver Erg鋘zung entscheiden. Ein zus鋞zlicher Vorteil ist,
dass Sie keine Schmerzen bei der Injektion erleiden m黶sen und
sich keine Sorgen 黚er eine 躡erdosierung machen m黶sen.
Da diese legal sind, unterliegen Sie nicht der ethischen Belastung der Illegalit鋞.
Vor allem aber sollten Sie sich gesund ern鋒ren und
Sport treiben, um in Form zu bleiben. Dieses synthetisch
hergestellte Peptid wird heute aktiv zur Behandlung einer Reihe
von lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Da es die Proteinproduktion f鰎dert, die Fettsynthese steigert und das Insulin kontrolliert,
ist es bei Bodybuildern wegen seiner erstaunlichen Ergebnisse sehr beliebt.
Entdecken Sie unsere Premium-Auswahl an Hilma Biocare HGH und Peptiden, die f黵
den Online-Einkauf verf黦bar sind. Wir sind spezialisiert auf die Bereitstellung von hochwertigem HGH und Peptiden, um Ihre Gesundheits-, Wellness- und Leistungsziele zu unterst黷zen. Seien Sie versichert, dass alle unsere Produkte strengen Exams unterzogen werden und strengen Qualit鋞sstandards entsprechen.
Studien haben gezeigt, dass HGH das Ged鋍htnis und die Lernf鋒igkeit verbessern und m鰃licherweise den mit dem Alter verbundenen kognitiven Verfall verz鰃ern kann.
In den meisten F鋖len ist HGH nur auf 鋜ztliche Verschreibung erh鋖tlich.
Die Versicherung kann die Kosten f黵 HGH 黚ernehmen,
wenn es f黵 eine anerkannte Krankheit verschrieben wird.
Wie Frauen sollten M鋘ner vorsichtig sein, was die m鰃lichen Risiken und
Nebenwirkungen einer HGH-Therapie angeht, darunter
das Karpaltunnelsyndrom, ein erh鰄tes Diabetesrisiko und m鰃liche Herzprobleme.

Befolgen Sie stets die Anweisungen Ihres Arztes und halten Sie sich an die 鰎tlichen Gesetze und
Vorschriften zur Verwendung von Steroiden.
Obwohl HGH beim Abnehmen helfen kann, ist es wichtig, es sicher und verantwortungsvoll anzuwenden. Konsultieren Sie immer einen Arzt, bevor Sie mit
der HGH-Therapie zur Gewichtsreduktion beginnen. In einem Schneidzyklus werden typischerweise niedrigere HGH-Dosen 黚er einen l鋘geren Zeitraum verwendet.
Dieser Zyklus zielt darauf ab, Menschen dabei zu helfen, Fett zu verlieren und gleichzeitig Muskelmasse zu erhalten, wodurch die Definition der
Muskeln verbessert wird. In den Wechseljahren kommt es bei Frauen h鋟fig
zu einem R點kgang des HGH-Spiegels, was zu verschiedenen Symptomen wie Gewichtszunahme, verminderter Energie und Stimmungsschwankungen f黨ren kann.
Eine HGH-Therapie kann helfen, diese Symptome zu lindern, indem sie das
hormonelle Gleichgewicht wiederherstellt.
HGH spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Aufrechterhaltung des hormonellen Gleichgewichts
bei Frauen, das f黵 die allgemeine Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
Wie bei jedem anderen Arzneimittel, k鰊nen auch bei der Anwendung von Norditropin� FlexPro� 15 mg/1,5 ml Nebenwirkungen auftreten, die jedoch nicht bei jeder Anwenderin oder jedem Anwender auftreten m黶sen. Nehmen Sie die M鰃lichkeit und bestellen Sie Wachstumshormone rezeptfrei f黵 den idealen Muskelaufbau.

Die Dunkelziffer im Sport ist gro�, da der am h鋟figsten verwendete Test zum Nachweis von HGH-Doping relativ unzuverl鋝sig ist.
In der Dopingdebatte wird nicht selten vergessen, dass HGH eigentlich ein verschreibungspflichtiges Arzneimittel mit medizinischem Nutzen ist.
"HGH ist ein sehr wichtiges Hormon f黵 das Wachstum des Menschen",
erl鋟tert Professor Matthias Weber, Leiter des
Schwerpunkts f黵 Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselkrankheiten an der Universit鋞 Mainz.
Produziert die Hirnanhangsdr黶e (Hypophyse) nicht gen黦end Somatropin, sollte dieser Mangel auch
ausgeglichen werden.
Bei Fragen zur Anwendung, zu Nebenwirkungen oder Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Medikamenten k鰊nen Sie uns jederzeit kontaktieren. Alle Produkte,
Firmennamen und Logos von Drittanbietern sind Marken_ oder eingetragene� Marken und
bleiben Eigentum der jeweiligen Inhaber. Ihre Verwendung impliziert
keine Zugeh鰎igkeit zu diesen Unternehmen oder deren Bef黵wortung.
Alle Verweise auf dieser Website auf Marken von Drittanbietern sind als nominative
faire Nutzung gem溥 den geltenden Markengesetzen gedacht.

Omnitrope� 10 mg/1,5 ml wird 黚licherweise 黚er einen l鋘geren Zeitraum hinweg angewendet.

References:

folgenden Packungsgr鲞en

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Marylin (2025-07-11 05:09:22)

They present comprehensive product data, including origin, manufacturing process,
and potential side effects. In this complicated on-line maze, these
trusted distributors act as beacons, guiding
customers towards secure and legal Trenbolone purchases.
We have found that isotretinoin, better generally known as Accutane, can help
bodybuilders who suffer from pimples however need to expertise the
benefits of trenbolone (or different androgenic steroids).

Many folks find trenbolone to be an emotional curler coaster, inflicting temper swings every hour.

In this instance, we've found that cabergoline, a dopaminergic that
is medically used to deal with hyperprolactinemia (high ranges of prolactin), helps to restore optimum sexual function. Pumps
shall be extreme throughout exercises, but this may
even be a typical theme outdoors of the health club due to increased glycogen storage.

The general primary aim is shedding body fats, but
if lean muscle mass is not preserved, the diet cannot be deemed profitable.
However, so as to lose physique fat you must burn extra calories than you devour,
and this will put your muscle tissue at risk. As you continue to diet and become
leaner, muscle mass loss will happen. This is due to the physique burning lean tissue to fulfill its vitality demands.

A successful food regimen will ensure the physique burns saved physique fats to satisfy this demand,
however, as a end result of survival instinct of the physique, it's going to typically burn muscle mass as a substitute.

Moreover, Trenbolone has the potential to enhance the production of insulin-like growth issue 1 (IGF-1), a
hormone essential for muscle improvement. With Tren, individuals can expect
to see their physique transform as they surpass previous limitations in muscular measurement and power.
There aren't any dosing or administration guidelines out there
for Trenbolone Acetate in a therapeutic capacity.
Keep In Mind, Parabolan (Trenbolone Hexahydrobenzylcarbonate) is the one Tren compound ever accredited for human use.
For physique associated functions, most men will find a dose of mg
every different day to be a incredible range. 50mg each different day is a unbelievable place
to begin out with 100mg every other day typically being all the Trenbolone Acetate many males will ever want.
Very few men will need more than 100mg each different day during the low season.
Compliance ensures responsible usage, aligning with each private targets and
authorized standards. Obtaining Trenbolone legally typically requires a prescription and medical approval,
underscoring the importance of consulting with healthcare professionals.

All of our steroids are made with the best commonplace of high quality and ethics.

We have all kinds of anablolic steroids available within the USA
from trusted makes, steroids especially manufactured to fulfill the different wants of the USA market.
Trenbolone causes dopamine issues greater than any other steroid, and that is one cause it's known as the connection killer.

As A Outcome Of of logistical constraints, many of the CV-1 assays with the
location samples had been carried out solely once. Information from the A, B, F, and G sampling periods have been used for statistical analyses of the data.
In these analyses, CV-1 luciferase exercise data had been log10 transformed,
and analyzed utilizing PROC GLM out there in SAS, model 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC,
USA). Variations between therapies were thought of important at p _ zero.05.

Purity is essential because it instantly impacts the product's
effectiveness and the risk of undesirable unwanted facet effects.
High-purity Trenbolone is often stronger and safer than merchandise of lesser
purity. Whereas Tren is helpful throughout slicing and bulking phases, if youre solely going to make use of it in a single
part all the time select slicing. The final unwanted side effects of Trenbolone
Acetate encompass these that will maintain some from using the hormone.
On their floor they dont sound too bad, but
they will happen in a way that's beyond dramatic. The response side
effects of Trenbolone Acetate include anxiety,
insomnia, night sweats, and rapid coronary heart rate.
Every group of CV-1 assays of web site samples was conducted concurrently with a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) positive
management (27 ng/L) and an untreated media adverse management.
Implant for weaned pasture steers & heifers (slaughter, stocker,
and feeder cattle). Mixture of 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol provides improved average every day gains for pasture cattle, steers
and heifers. Not for use in animals supposed for subsequent breeding, or in dairy animals.

In reality, theres a good probability youll obtain prison time and often a harsher punishment than a leisure drug consumer even if
its your first offence. Past its basic hormone construction, Trenbolone Acetate has
the small/short Acetate (acetic acid) ester hooked up
to it. The ester is connected in order to control the hormones launch time
submit injection.
It might also enhance purple blood cell production, giving extra vitality to your muscular tissues and quicker outcomes.

It increases protein synthesis, pink blood cell production, and nitrogen retention, which all result in vital muscle features.
Trenbolone is an injectable muscle builder that improves lean muscle mass while additionally aiding fat loss.

References:

primaryonehealth

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Holley (2025-06-14 19:08:05)

70918248

References:

None (valentineweddingstudio.com)

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Numbers (2025-06-14 05:33:32)

70918248

References:

steroids and sex (swanara.com)

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Mitch (2025-06-12 16:30:08)

70918248

References:

building muscle without steroids

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Kerrie (2025-06-12 16:12:52)

70918248

References:

consequences of using steroids - https://getmytrips.com/introducing-this-amazing-tour/?replytocom=47314 -

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Cristine (2025-05-23 04:06:52)

Some guys will stretch to 600mg per week and stay with the opposed results or discover ways to mitigate
them. Only essentially the most hardcore pro bodybuilders will venture at doses above 600mg.

Much Less of this stress hormone can make it simpler to burn fats
without losing your hard-earned muscular tissues.
As with all Trenbolone cycles, it’s always really helpful to use Trenabol alongside testosterone
to make up for the slowdown in pure testosterone manufacturing.
Some bodybuilders will inject this ester every single day of a cycle, but each other day is a standard
injection protocol that works to keep up levels. Sexual dysfunction is a potential
aspect impact of Trenbolone use, and it could have
a major impact on an individual's quality of life.
Trenbolone use can decrease testosterone ranges in the physique, leading to sexual dysfunction.
To manage these side effects, individuals should search medical recommendation from a healthcare
supplier. A healthcare provider can assess the
severity of the sexual dysfunction and recommend acceptable
therapy options.
Trenbolone doesn't convert to estrogen, so customers will not expertise
water retention or fats accumulation during a cycle. If you're trying
to pack on critical muscle mass, then Tren is the steroid for you.
This powerful anabolic steroid might help you blast by way of your training plateaus and achieve the
features you've always wished. Harnessing the power of Trenbolone and testosterone integration could be a game-changer for individuals in search
of accelerated muscle growth and enhanced physical efficiency.
Trenbolone customers love sharing their results, showcasing the transformative impact on their bodies in just 2 weeks.
Trenbolone improves not only muscle mass but
additionally overall physique, making it a
extremely sought-after steroid for bodybuilding lovers.
Understanding the effects of anabolic steroid use, notably trenbolone,
is essential for those in search of muscle enhancement.

However, should you develop difficulty respiratory or a fever, it’s important to give up using Tren and seek
medical attention immediately. Moreover, trenbolone inhibits the action of aromatase, an enzyme
that converts testosterone to estrogen. This additional reduces the quantity of estrogen in the physique and causes smaller breasts.
If you're contemplating taking Trenbolone, it is important to concentrate on the risks involved.
Converse with your physician to ensure that the advantages outweigh the potential dangers.
Pimples is a quite common skin condition that
affects people of all ages.
We also present covid19ma products for Testosterone Substitute Remedy (to deal with low Testosterone levels) without any prescriptions required.
Tren is doubtless one of the least estrogenic injectable steroids in the marketplace.
However, Trenbolone Enanthate can cause similar progestogenic unwanted side effects similar to gynecomastia.
If you might be genetically predisposed to these issues, you should use extra medications similar to cabergoline to avoid them,
particularly throughout your first or second Tren cycle.
Tren reduces natural testosterone production, so abruptly discontinuing Tren use could end in testicular atrophy, or shrinkage.
This isn’t all the time obvious, but when sustaining an erection becomes difficult after discontinuing Trenbolone Enanthate, testicular atrophy is more than likely to be the wrongdoer.
Trenbolone has been proven in both human and animal research to extend muscle fiber cross-sectional
space.
This authorized different to the banned
steroid Trenbolone is ideal for anybody who needs to bulk up shortly
and efficiently. Additionally price noting is that visible modifications may happen corresponding to
darkening of the pores and skin or yellowing of the eyes
as a outcome of liver toxicity from long-term use.
The pursuit of physical perfection shouldn’t come on the expense of your mental well-being.

After all, what good is a sculpted physique if your thoughts is in turmoil?
It’s like having a sports activities automobile with a broken engine – it might look nice on the surface, however it’s not
going to take you very far. It’s like being on an emotional rollercoaster that
you just can’t get off. This fixed up and down may be incredibly draining, not just for the user but for everyone around them.

Though Deca does aromatize, it is thought to be only
20% compared to testosterone. Some people, due to this fact, consider that gyno may be very unlikely when taking each of those compounds – which isn’t true.

When it involves a tren and deca stack or deciding between deca vs tren for energy, it’s
crucial to weigh the pros and cons. Now, when you’re comparing nandrolone vs trenbolone,
it’s a different story. It’s delicate when used alone, and actually,
you won’t discover many bodybuilders relying solely on Deca.

With Masteron, we get an AAS that promotes a hard, dry, and shredded physique in individuals
with low physique fats ranges. It’s important to notice that these
long-term dangers aren’t unique to trenbolone.
For example, individuals utilizing testosterone replacement remedy would possibly experience each constructive and unfavorable effects, as discussed
in this article concerning the psychological advantages of
TRT. Whereas the particular impacts may differ, the potential for long-term consequences on psychological well being is a
typical thread. These psychological unwanted effects of trenbolone aren't in contrast to these experienced by individuals using different substances that have an effect on brain chemistry.

We haven’t come throughout any medical circumstances where this compound is being
prescribed, although it may theoretically be useful for testosterone deficiency
or tissue wasting. We evaluation revealed medical analysis in respected scientific journals to reach at our conclusions a few product or health matter.
Legion's content is fact-checked and reviewed by
a staff of scientific, medical and subject-matter
specialists to make sure every little thing we publish
is proof primarily based, trustworthy, and current. Break
Up your complete on-line buy into 4 interest-free payments, over 6
weeks with no influence to your credit. Use this
weight loss calculator to learn how to get Legal steroids [community.Umidigi.Com] many energy you should
eat to lose fats in less than 60 seconds. From protein powder to
pre-workout, fats burners, multivitamins, and much more, we have one thing for everyone.
That said, it does bind strongly to the progesterone receptor, which may lead to unwanted facet effects just like estrogen’s
in some cases.

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Robby (2025-05-19 17:36:20)

Ils peuvent 阾re transform閟 en interm閐iaires de la glycolyse, et peuvent donc mener
� la formation de glucose. Elle permet de fournir
du glucose en permanence, aux cellules dites
glucod閜endantes, telles que les globules rouges du sang, qui ne peuvent pas utiliser directement les lipides ou les prot閕nes
pour produire de l'閚ergie — 閠ant d閜ourvus de mitochondries, seule la fermentation lactique permet d'assurer la manufacturing d'ATP dans ces cellules.
Chez l'homme, d鑣 que les r閟erves en glycog鑞e sont 閜uis閑s, ce qui se produit
apr鑣 un jour de je鹡e, les sources de glucose par n閛glucogen鑣e sont principalement les acides amin閟 (45 %) et, � un moindre degr�, le lactate (30 %) et le glyc閞ol (25 %)[1].
On dit que le conservateur offre une dur閑 de conservation allant jusqu'� 10 jours.
L'acide propionique est naturellement pr閟ent dans certains aliments
et agit comme agent de conservation dans ces aliments.Certains sorts de fromage, par exemple,
contiennent jusqu'� 1% d'acide propionique naturel.

Une inhibition irr関ersible de la testost閞one veut dire que le corps ne sera plus
jamais capable de produire de la testost閞one.
M阭e si je n’ai jamais eu vent d’un tel cas pour quelqu’un qui prend des st閞o飀es,
j’ai rencontr� des personnes qui produisaient de
la testost閞one � des niveaux plus faibles que la normale du fait
(probablement) d’un abus de SAA. On a beaucoup 閏rit sur les st閞o飀es anabolisants et franchement,
le plus gros de la litt閞ature existante sur
le sujet a 閠� produit par des personnes qui n’en savent que tr鑣 peu sur ces substances.
Il s’agit soit de fanatiques anti-drogue recycl閟 qui ne comprennent pas
vraiment l’閚orme diff閞ence qui existe entre les drogues et les
st閞o飀es anabolisants, soit de personnes qui ont elles-m阭es recours aux st閞o飀es.

Les modifications des histones induites par les SCFA
閠aient corr閘閑s � une meilleure accessibilit�
de la chromatine et � l'activation transcriptionnelle
des g鑞es cibles, renfor鏰nt ainsi leur potentiel en tant que modulateurs de l'閜ig閚閠ique
du CCR. Des 閠udes sur des souris ont confirm� la pertinence
in vivo de ces r閟ultats, le m閠abolisme des fibres alimentaires entra頽ant des
modifications similaires de la chromatine dans le tissu intestinal.

La viabilit� cellulaire a 閠� 関alu閑 � l'aide d'un test bas� sur la fluorescence, mettant en 関idence
les effets diff閞entiels des traitements au NaPr, au NaBu et
� la trichostatine A (TSA).
En tant qu’anabolisant, la Masterone n’est pas connue
pour aider � augmenter la masse musculaire. Il n’a jamais 閠� utilis�
pour traiter l’atrophie musculaire dans un sens th閞apeutique et sera presque toujours utilis� dans les plans de r閐uction chez les athl鑤es.
Cependant, il peut contribuer � une augmentation significative de la
pressure, ce qui peut 阾re utile pour un athl鑤e qui ne recherche pas n閏essairement la masse brute.
Le seul avantage principal de la prise de propionate de testost閞one est qu’il est beaucoup moins cher que l’und閏anoate ;
Andriol 閠ant l’un des st閞o飀es les plus chers du march�.

Un cycle de st閞o飀es est la dur閑 pendant laquelle une personne utilise des st閞o飀es
anabolisants androg鑞es (SAA). Chaque cycle durera le plus souvent entre quatre et quinze semaines, en fonction des objectifs
de l’utilisateur, de son exp閞ience et du ou des compos閟 anaboliques qu’il va utiliser.
Lorsque l’on parle de compos� st閞oide, on fait simplement r閒閞ence � une substance anabolisante sp閏ifique, comme le Dianabol, Winstrol ou la testost閞one Enanthate, par exemple.

Comme avec la plupart des autres st閞o飀es anabolisants, Deca Durabolin est 間alement class� comme substance contr鬺閑 de classe III par la DEA.
Il ne peut 阾re utilis� l間alement que pour g閞er des
maladies m閐icales, il est strictement interdit de l'utiliser � des fins de musculation. Si vous l'utilisez avant
un concours ou � des fins autres que m閐icales, vous pourriez 阾re disqualifi� et / ou 阾re inculp� pour l'utilisation. Elle a exactement les m阭es effets que la testost閞one sur le corps; cela comprend la
croissance accrue des cheveux, le nombre de globules
rouges et la formation musculaire accrue.
Une PCT agressive, avec des produits auxiliaires et
des compl閙ents, est n閏essaire apr鑣 une cure de propionate de testost閞one.
Il est 間alement necessary, peut-阾re m阭e davantage,
de conna顃re les autres m閐icaments que vous utilisez avec Masteron. D'autres st閞o飀es peuvent 阾re beaucoup plus puissants et doivent
阾re soumis � un cycle de cycles plus approfondi afin que
votre corps ne devienne pas d閜endant d'eux. Il est difficile de dire exactement touch upon r閍gira � un suppl閙ent comme Masteron. Cependant,
en raison de sa nature anti-œstrog鑞e, les effets secondaires sont beaucoup moins graves
et significatifs que ceux provoqu閟 par le trenbolone.
Masteron quel est le meilleur suppl閙ent de testost閞one masculine
(careers.ebas.co.ke) 間alement moins
vulnerable de causer des probl鑝es comme l'intestin.
Au cours de la fermentation lactique (glycolyse ana閞obie), le
glucose est converti en lactate (� partir du pyruvate issu de la glycolyse) dans les muscle
tissue durant un effort physique. Le lactate est ensuite
transport� through le sang dans le foie ou il peut 阾re
converti � nouveau en pyruvate. Cette r閍ction catalys閑 par la lactate d閟hydrog閚ase
a lieu dans le hyaloplasme et les mitochondries des cellules h閜atiques.

Il existe plusieurs pr閏urseurs pour la synth鑣e du glucose, tels que certains acides amin閟,
le lactate, le glyc閞ol, le pyruvate.
La Testost閞one propionate repr閟ente un puissant m閐icament de croissance de masse musculaire,
capable de produire des gains rapides aussi bien en volume qu’en drive musculaire.
Ce weblog est destin� � tous ceux qui souhaitent commencer � utiliser Deca pour augmenter l'intensit� de leurs entra頽ements et augmenter
leurs gains. Il discutera des cycles de Deca Durabolin,
remark vous pouvez empiler en toute s閏urit� Deca et la testost閞one,
les effets secondaires, ainsi que des alternatives plus s鹯es.
Rappelez-vous toujours que lorsque vous prenez des st閞o飀es anabolisants, vous devez faire consideration automotive certains de ces effets secondaires peuvent 阾re permanents et potentiellement mortels.
Le propionate s'accumule dans la cellule et
entre en comp閠ition avec l'alanine et d'autres acides amin閟 n閏essaires � la croissance des
micro-organismes.Le propionate de calcium inhibe
間alement les enzymes n閏essaires au m閠abolisme.

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�Ǌ奔��댣喉�ɡげㄞԫβo长�0 -- [未验证] Marcelo (2025-05-19 10:52:29)

Contrairement aux armes soumises � autorisation, les armes soumises � d閏laration sont acquises � vie, sauf circonstances exceptionnelles qui
entra頽eraient leur confiscation par les autorit閟 comp閠entes.
Les d閠enteurs de ces armes peuvent faire valoir leur droit de propri閠� pour les
conserver m阭e lorsqu'ils ne sont plus titulaires d'une licence de
tir sportif ou d'un permis de chasse en cours de validit�.
Dans le cadre d'une motion de chasse, ces armes peuvent 阾re utilis閑s sur des terrains priv閟 et publics, sous conditions.
La part de mouvements naturels de la vie de tous les jours (porter, tirer,
pousser, se hisser..) inclus dans le crossfit fait qu’on despatched rapidement une am閘ioration au quotidien. La haute intensit� est
efficace pour d関elopper et am閘iorer la condition physique et se base soit sur
un nombre de r閜閠itions 閘ev�, soit sur une
charge importante; le tout avec un temps limit�.

Les armes soumises � d閏laration ne n閏essitent aucune formalit�
administrative pour l'acqu閞eur.
Le r間ime de Vichy ira jusqu'� punir de mort la d閠ention d'arme par les juifs indig鑞es d'Alg閞ie[2], puis par tous les
citoyens[3]. Sous l'Ancien R間ime, la possession, l'achat et la vente d'armes � feu 閠aient libres[r閒. Dans les d閏ennies avant la R関olution, les carri鑢es militaires se ferment aux bourgeois et deviennent un apanage de la Noblesse[1].
La R関olution fran鏰ise, en supprimant la soci閠� d'ordre, bouleverse
cet 閝uilibre et les armes deviennent un symbole citoyen et le moyen de
pr閟erver la libert� de l’蓆at et de prot間er la R関olution[r閒.
S’inspirant du squat a閞ien, le squat avant introduit un poids, tenu au niveau de
la poitrine. Ce mouvement met l’accent sur le maintien d’un torse droit et sur l’engagement du tronc,
ce qui est essentiel pour d関elopper la pressure du corps dans son ensemble.

Lorsque vous fixez vos objectifs, tenez 間alement compte de votre mode de vie et des contraintes de votre emploi du temps.

Pour apprendre correctement la pratique de ce sport, allez-y
閠ape par 閠ape. Il est essentiel de ma顃riser au mieux les techniques et les mouvements pour ne pas vous blesser.
Au d閎ut, privil間iez les expenses l間鑢es et ne bannissez pas les 閏hauffements, ni les 閠irement.
Ceux-ci doivent en effet 阾re r閍lis閟 au d閎ut et � la fin de
votre entra頽ement. Pour celles et ceux qui en ont marre
de la routine sportive, rien de tel qu’un entra頽ement
de CrossFit puisqu’il s’agit d’un des sports les plus complets qui existe.

Les WODs (d閒inition en fin d’article) sont tellement
vari閟 qu’ils vous permettent de d関elopper un most de capacit閟 et de solliciter l’ensemble des muscular tissues sans
jamais vous ennuyer.
Certaines formules de Sarms sont d’ailleurs utilis閑s pour leurs
bienfaits th閞apeutiques. Les r閟ultats de certaines 閠udes laissent penser
que ces produits permettent de lutter contre le cancer.
Les Sarms ne sont donc pas seulement recommand閟 pour pr関enir
la fonte musculaire. Ils seraient aussi de pr閏ieux alli閟 pour combattre et pr関enir l’ost閛porose.

Beaucoup ont 間alement tendance � vouloir faire comme
les professionnels et � r閜閠er leurs entra頽ements,
consideration ils n’ont pas le m阭e niveau que
vous. Les data au deadlift par exemple sont impossibles � r閍liser
pour un d閎utant. Sur un plan statistique, la probabilit� de
souffrir d’une blessure li閑 � la pratique du CrossFit varie entre 19 % et seventy four
%, avec une incidence comprise entre 1,9 et 3,1 pour 1000 heures d’entra頽ement.
En ce sens, la probabilit� reste relativement 閘ev閑 dans ses
valeurs sup閞ieures, tandis que l’incidence des blessures pour 1000 h
reste faible. Ces r閟ultats peuvent refl閠er
un biais d’閏hantillonnage issu des diff閞entes 閠udes ou bien une gestion inad閝uate du quantity d’entra頽ement.
Cette incidence est comparable � d’autres modalit閟 d’entra頽ement plus conventionnelles, mais elle
n’est en aucun cas sup閞ieure de mani鑢e significative.
Des 閠udes suppl閙entaires doivent 阾re conduites pour
comparer directement les taux de blessures du CrossFit avec
d’autres modalit閟 d’entra頽ement.
Concluez avec quelques actions explosives de faible intensit� pour 関eiller le
syst鑝e nerveux et am閘iorer la coordination. Am閘iorez votre condition physique avec
le CrossFit � domicile, une m閠hode flexible qui s’adapte parfaitement �
ceux sans acc鑣 � une salle de sport ou � du mat閞iel sp閏ifique.
Le CrossFit au poids du corps, ou body weight training,
vous permet de suivre une routine d’entra頽ement intense et vari閑,
peu importe o� vous 阾es ou le temps dont vous disposez.
Quand on n’a pas encore d閎ut� le CrossFit, la question de la dangerosit� de
ce sport peut parfois se poser. Pour 阾re tout � fait clair, le CrossFit peut en effet
阾re dangereux… comme n’importe quel autre sport d’ailleurs !
D鑣 qu’on s’entraine r間uli鑢ement et qu’on pratique
une activit� sportive de fa鏾n intensive et/ou professionnelle,
les risques de blessures ne sont jamais 閏art閟.
Pour cela, on peut citer les pistolets � plomb de moins de 20 joules
ou les r閜liques d’armes � propulsion gazeuses. Malgr� sa cat間orisation par la l間islation des armes,
elles sont capables de blesser ou d’immobiliser une
personne, et c’est pourquoi mieux vaut se renseigner sur les r鑗les de
s閏urit� quant � la manipulation d’une arme � feu.
De plus, le participant doit effectuer toutes les r閜閠itions de l’exercice avant de passer au suivant.

Cependant, en cas d’utilisation r間uli鑢e de SARM, l’amincissement, la r閏ession ou la perte de
cheveux peuvent 阾re permanents, ce qui acc閘鑢e la calvitie masculine.
Cet utilisateur a 間alement mentionn� une perte de cheveux
notable vers la derni鑢e 閠ape de son cycle, ce qui indique des niveaux de DHT (dihydrotestost閞one) nettement plus 閘ev閟.
Cet utilisateur a suivi un Seul Cycle D'镹anthate De
Testost镽one (Medicallystaffing.Com) de 12 semaines avec
RAD one hundred forty (Testolone) � raison de 17 mg/jour.
Le MK-677 (Ibutamoren), l’un des compos閟
administr閟 dans la combinaison de cet utilisateur,
peut exacerber le stockage des graisses visc閞ales en raison de l’augmentation de la s閏r閠ion de GH (hormone de croissance).
L’augmentation des niveaux de DHT favorise 間alement la pousse de la barbe, automotive
les follicules pileux sont plus sensibles � cette hormone androg鑞e qu’� la testost閞one.
Nous avons 間alement constat� que l’accumulation de
graisse visc閞ale est fr閝uente chez les utilisateurs de
st閞o飀es, automobile ces derniers augmentent le taux d’œstrog鑞es et provoquent par cons閝uent une
r閟istance � l’insuline. Ils ont constat� que les utilisateurs de testost閞one gagnaient 5 � 7 kg de masse maigre, contre seulement 1
� 1,5 kg dans le groupe des SARMs, en four � 6 semaines.

Vous devrez solidement enraciner votre pied dans le
sol � mesure que vous squattez pour faire passer
vos fessiers en dessous de la parall鑜e. Vous devriez aussi rencontrer le entrance squat, � la barre ou aux kettlebells.
Cette probabilit� concerne la reproductibilit� des traces laiss閑s par
l’arme sur les 閘閙ents balistique. Dans les ann閑s 2000, l’AFTE
am閞icain, utilise le syst鑝e automatis� de reconnaissance en balistique IBIS™ pour les
traces en 3 dimensions et confirme les conclusions
publi閑s par Biasotti et Murdock. Biasotti s’associe � Murdock afin de d関elopper
le idea de CMS (Consecutive Matching Striation en anglais ou Stries concordantes cons閏utives en fran鏰is).

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